Number Base Converter

Binary (base-2) uses only two digits (0 and 1), which maps directly to transistor states (on/off). This makes it the natural numbering system for all digital electronics and computers.

Hexadecimal (base-16) is used extensively in programming for color codes (#FF0000), memory addresses, MAC addresses, and representing binary data in a more human-readable format.

Starting from the right, multiply each digit by 2 raised to its position (0-indexed), then sum. For example, 1011 = (1×8)+(0×4)+(1×2)+(1×1) = 11.

This converter handles any positive integer up to 9,007,199,254,740,991 (the maximum safe integer in JavaScript). Larger values may lose precision.

Octal was popular in older computing systems (like Unix file permissions: chmod 755). Modern systems increasingly use hexadecimal, which aligns better with 8-bit and 16-bit byte boundaries.